International Journal of Management Perspective and Social Research
Ethical AI Governance in Content Systems
As AI started to produce, curate, and moderate content for an ever-expanding class of digital environments, the principles of fairness, transparency, and accountability, hallmarks of traditional due process, were thrust into the public spotlight. Driven by increasing regulatory scrutiny from the GDPR and the upcoming EU AI Act, alongside public demand for ethical AI systems, this paper seeks to mitigate the urgent need for bias in AI-generated content. This covers already known frameworks and methodologies to detect and correct such biases in processing and post-processing data, including pre-processing. Furthermore, the paper also touches upon the application of Explainable AI (XAI) in content moderation. It reflects upon how the employability of interpretable models can lead to trust and allow audits on automated decisions. Building on the aforementioned fairness frameworks and XAI tools, this work presents a dual-layered approach to ethical AI, delivering equitable outcomes and transparent justifications. Grounded in both technical and policy-oriented approaches, the study lays a roadmap for achieving trusted, accountable, human-centric AI systems.
Evolution of 6G Networks: THz & mmWave, LEO Satellites, Edge Computing, and Dynamic Network Slicing for Global Connectivity
Evolving next-generation telecom networks are being fueled by the continuous development of 6G technology based on trends such as terahertz (THz)/millimeter wave (mmWave) communication, low Earth orbit (LEO) Satellite to Mobile connectivity, edge computation, and dynamic network slicing. It comes with improvements in ultrahigh-speed data delivery, low latencies, global coverage, and efficient bandwidth usage. In such cases, 5G facilitates the usage of drone networks by enabling dense networks of drones through the integration of sub-terahertz and millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies, which provide very high data rates, whereas the provision of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites addresses the broadband requirement in remote areas. Edge computing also reduces latency by processing data and content closer to the end user, and dynamic network slicing can efficiently allocate network resources on Demand to accommodate different applications. With 6G, AI, IoT, and 6G will merge to redefine the future of telecommunication with an AI-centric strategy that will accelerate the convergence of IoT and create a multisensory experience.
Navigating Ethical Challenges in Big Data: Leveraging AI to Balance Innovation, Privacy Protection, and Transparent Decision Making
The advent of Big Data has triggered a paradigm shift in various industries, with insights gaining traction for innovation, operational improvement and facilitating better decision making. However, this datadriven paradigm has raised deep ethical questions particularly in the realms of data privacy, algorithmic transparency and equitable access. Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a central role in addressing these challenges by providing the infrastructure and sophistication to anonymize data, identify bias and ensure accountability in the decision making process. Discussion The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: What Do We Live In, the Matrix, or in the Ethics this study provides a detailed overview of how to reduce risk on misuse of data and bias according to existing sources and studies from the topic. These results highlight the imperative for establishing ethical frameworks and governance mechanisms that ensure the advancement of AI aligns with the principles that underpin the fabric of society and ensure the safe and sound exploitation of Big Data for the cause of sustainable development.
The Role of Ethical Leadership in Turnover Intention and Organizational Identification: Evidence from Cement Industry in Pakistan
Leadership is the central role of any organization, and the success of an organization depends on the leader. Scholars and practitioners focus on the need for leaders to be ethical and moral in conduct. Based on entity morality theory and social identity theory, the present research aspired to explore the character of ethical leadership in fostering organizational identification and mediating the role of Turnover intention. This study used a cross-sectional research design with a deductive approach and collected data through a questionnaire using a random sampling technique. Data were collected from 380 employees of the Cement industry of Pakistan and analyzed by regression analysis. Results suggest that ethical leadership is positively correlated to organizational identification and negatively correlated to Turnover intention. A core limitation of this study is the small sample size and cross-sectional design. Future studies may collect data from larger samples and data on actual turnover rather than intention. This research posits that leaders of cement industries working in rural outskirts of Pakistan may use ethical leadership to foster organizational identification and reduce turnover intention.This study is a significant contribution to the literature as it has collected data from the companies working in rural outskirts of Pakistan, which are away from traditional industrial zones.
The Effect of Blockchain on Supply Chain Performance on Organization
This article analyzes the effect of blockchain on supply chain performance, emphasizing the intermediary functions of trust supplier, SC traceability, & transparency. Using the amended questionnaire, pre-recruited enumerators collected data from leading supply chain experts and students. 425 of the 415 completed surveys were disseminated. The Partial Least Square-Structure Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was used to analyze the study's data. The information this study provides will benefit the industry supply chain by encouraging the used of BC technology & advancing use to increase supply chain efficiency. It allows for the replication of the paradigm in cross-cultural research across different industries by academics in the future.
Technology Enhance Students Motivation and Engagement in Class at Higher Education Level
In contemporary higher education, student motivation and engagement are essential for meaningful learning experiences and academic success. This quantitative survey research aimed to investigate the impact of technology on student motivation and engagement in universities across Karachi, Pakistan. A convenience sample of 114 students from various public and private universities was surveyed to explore their perceptions and preferences regarding technology integration in the classroom. The study revealed a significant positive relation between technology use and student motivation, with students reporting increased engagement when technology was effectively employed. Moreover, technology was found to play a critical role in achieving learning goals by facilitating personalized learning experiences tailored to individual student needs and learning styles. Overall, the majority of students expressed a preference for technology-integrated classrooms, appreciating the interactive and dynamic nature of technology-based learning environments. Positive student perceptions emphasized that technology not only made learning enjoyable but also accessible. These findings underscore the importance of strategic technology integration in higher education to create inclusive, effective, and student-centered learning environments. Continued research and investment in technology-enhanced teaching practices are recommended to maximize the benefits of educational technology for student motivation, engagement, and academic achievement.
Inclusive Education: A Challenge for Contemporary Teacher Education in Pakistan
The current study aimed to investigate the impact of teacher education on the implementation of inclusive education practices at the school level. The primary goals of this research were to assess the present state of teachers' education in equipping competent instructors for inclusive education and to determine the future direction of teachers' education for enhancing the capabilities of teachers in inclusive settings. Due to the exploratory character of the research, a qualitative technique was employed to collect data in order to achieve the research aims. The available literature in the topic was examined and a content analysis was conducted to achieve the research objectives. The findings indicate that despite the Higher Education Commission (HEC) recommending a course on inclusive education in the revised 2010 plan of studies for teachers' education, only a small number of universities have included the subject of inclusive education in their Bachelor of Education (BE.D) Program, with a credit value of 3. The study also indicated that the inclusive education course's material lacked adequate breadth to effectively prepare future teachers in addressing the needs of all pupils. Ensuring inclusive education in Pakistan is crucial for attaining high-quality education, as it is based on the principle that all students should have equal opportunities for education regardless of their skills or impairments. The challenges encountered in implementing inclusive education in Pakistan necessitate attention from the stakeholders. The importance of addressing challenges related to teachers' capacity building cannot be overstated, and this can be achieved through adequate sensitization of academia. Given that a few public sector universities are currently teaching this subject, it is advisable for HEC to take necessary steps to implement the curriculum for teacher education programs in universities and degree granting institutions. It is advisable for universities in the faculty of education to provide M.Phil. and PhD programs in inclusive education. These programs should include courses on many aspects of inclusive education, such as inclusive teacher education, inclusive classroom development, theories of inclusive schools, and models of inclusive education. Acquiring knowledge in these courses would improve teachers' ability to meet the requirements of special learners in inclusive environments.
How Brand Lost Its Way: A Systematic Literature Review of Brand Hate, Antecedents and Outcomes of Brand Hate
The research purpose is to analyze why consumers will lead to brand hate, what are the feedback and thinking about the consumers towards the brand hate. The failure of brands about the negative past experiences and negative brand hate advertising. A thorough assessment of the literature was done from April 2018 to April 2023, a time span of approximately years. Our research focuses on identifying the self-serving goals of brand hatred. We take the information from of the databases Web of Sciences and Google Scholar. This report provides an extensive and up to date overview of research into brand hatreds, as well as identifying possible further research directions. This concern is provided by the analysis of determinants and patterns of brand hate in order to prevent these situations leading to that kind of hatred. Brand managers can use this knowledge to develop an adequate mitigation strategy, given the various BH implications and boundary conditions. This study will analyze the current situation of brand hate research in one place and draw a map to support future research into this area by systematically reviewing literature.
Culture Influences on Online Advertising Attitudes: A Pakistani Perspective
There has been quite limited knowledge regarding the impact of national culture on the attitude of each individual when it comes to online brands and online advertisements. This research analyzed the influence of cultural factors presented by Hofstede on the attitude of consumers toward online brands and online advertisements. Cultural Factors included self-restraint, individualism, masculinity & femininity, power distance, and long-term orientation. Evidence was collected from 200 respondents residing in Karachi using a Likert scale-type close-ended questionnaire. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and Confirmatory factor analysis. The results found that long-term orientation and individualism are the predictors of attitude towards online advertisement and.. In addition to these results, another factor that was found is that there is no positive relationship between online advisement with Masculinity. The rejected hypothesis was on masculinity relation with the attitude towards online advertisement, some positive associations were found among the attitude towards the online brand advertisement and other cultural dimensions.
Exploring the Impact of Industry 4.0, AMT, and Metaverse on Supply Chain Resilience and Social Responsibility
The following text discusses a research paper that explores the complexities of technology adoption in supply chains. The paper presents a comprehensive overview of the environmental, ethical, and social issues arising from implementing Industry 4.0 technologies such as Metaverse and AMTs. The paper's primary objective is to provide guidelines and insights for responsible technology adoption, enabling companies to promote sustainability, mitigate risks, and ensure long-term success. The research methodology used in the paper is quantitative, which involves gathering and analyzing valuable data. The study findings suggest that several factors impact supply chain resilience, including sensing capability, resilience capability, reconfiguration capability, and seizing capability. Therefore, companies must consider these factors while implementing technology in their supply chains. The paper highlights that firms implementing AMT technology, such as Metaverse, should prioritize ethical practices and social responsibility. By doing so, they can ensure the technology is used for the betterment of society and not just to maximize profits. The research paper provides valuable insights and guidelines for companies to responsibly adopt technology in their supply chains while ensuring long-term success.
Analyze the extent to which favoritism is present in recruiting and selection.
The purpose of our study was to examine the prevalence of favoritism in the recruitment and selection process from a communal perspective. Specifically, we focused on the attitudes of managers towards rational favoritism, which involves giving preference to relatives or friends in HR decision-making. To explore this topic, we utilized a factorial survey methodology, which involved constructing a questionnaire and collecting data from a sample of 50 managers working across different levels in Pakistan. The collected data was then analyzed using SPSS software. Our study findings indicate that managers tend to favor their family members and relatives when it comes to recruitment and selection. However, they tend to avoid hiring friends and unknown individuals. This trend is alarming as it suggests that meritocracy is in a state of decline in Pakistan, and favoritism has reached its peak. Moreover, this unethical behavior among managers contributes to corruption within organizations. This, in turn, can have a direct impact on the behavior of current employees. Such an environment can result in a lack of motivation, job dissatisfaction, and a diminished sense of loyalty among employees. Therefore, it is crucial to take immediate steps to address this issue to ensure fair and ethical HR practices in the workplace.
Leadership for Social Impact: A Study of Transformational Leadership, CSR, and Performance in the Pakistani Nonprofit Sector
Using a mediation analysis of corporate social responsibility, the study focuses on and investigates the link between transformational leadership, organisational innovation, and organisational success. We reorganized the Khan et al. (2017) model by including the CRS aspects of shareholders, customers, workers, and society. The main concepts of transformational leadership and organisational success are shown in this study to be mediated by CSR and organisational innovation. A closed-ended questionnaire was used to gather information from 201 respondents from over 50 different organizations. The respondents held top and middle management positions and worked in the banking, FMCG, consulting, and services industries in Karachi. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to examine the direct and mediated effects of the predictors (PLS-SEM). The findings show that transformative leadership has a major and beneficial direct impact on every CRS component. The results of the mediation study indicated that the link between organisational innovation (OI) and transformational leadership (TL) is considerably mediated by the dimensions of consumers, shareholders, and society. Furthermore, TL and performance are also mediated by the shareholders dimension. Finally, (OI) successfully moderate the relationship between society and performance. The results are discussed, and research, managerial, and theoretical implications are provided.
Safety Management System (SMS) Effect on the employee engagement in airline industry of Pakistan and UAE
In the research we are discussing the effects of safety and defining it as a strategy to overcome the harmful situations. We as aviation management controllers have to focus on the implementation of safety management system under the regards or safety personals. It is important for the employee working at an airport or an airline to integrate the safety management systems. The study is demonstrating the safety management system of the aviation industry which differentiates the pros and cons of the designing of the safety management systems. The aviation system doesn’t focus much on the safety issues as they put it their primary aspect. This article also examined the selected safety strategy (reactive, proactive, and predictive) and safety indicators of success (SPIs), which collectively make up a good and effective security framework that maintains a respectable safety level.
Factors Affecting Productivity of Virtual Workers: A Case of Software Houses in Karachi, Pakistan
The main purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the productivity of the virtual workforce. The selected independent variables were poor communication, lack of organization structure, office culture, task management complexity, work unaccountability; and work life unbalance and dependent variable was productivity of virtual workers. The researcher in the current study has selected respondents from Karachi city as it is one of the most populated urban areas and has vast numbers of software houses. The researcher used convenience sampling. The data collected from the employees of software house located in Karachi. The sample size of the study is between 300-350 respondents depending on the accessibility of the respondents accordingly. Quantitative research method adopted in this study. A structured questionnaire is used to collect data from respondents that were based on Likert scale. The collected data run in SPSS (statistical software) in order to check its reliability and validity. As per the findings, Poor Communication, Lack of Organization Structure, Lack of Office Culture, Task Management Complexity, Work Unaccountability and Work Life Unbalance have an impact on dependent variable Productivity of Virtual Workers. The software organizations should have a proper communication system to communicate with co-workers about ongoing projects, keep them informed and track tasks and availability, maintain an easy and orderly work-from-home experience. There are many apps and tools designed to help to stay in touch with the team members. Choosing the right apps will be key to ensuring productivity at home. Moreover, internal feedback system also works best for improving employee’s productivity. Keywords: , , ,
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The Impact of Social Media Usage on Psychological Wellbeing, Mental Health, Social Capital, Social Isolation, and Family Relationships: A Quantitative Analysis
The research conducted to analyze the use of social media websites and its impact of social life of human’s beings. The social media is effective medium for people to develop relationships, to contact people, to expand business, on same time this has negative effects on human’s minds in terms of mental health, social isolation and affects the family relationships. Social media is tool to connect people and develop good relationship and people can manage their relationships and business by effective use of social media. This study conducted on consumers who are using social media by their extensive time and people are agree that social media has adverse impact on social capital, mental health and family relationships. People become more dependent upon usage of social media rather than real existing relationship and family members. The Quantitative research conducted based on Positivism research paradigm and deductive approach, to evaluate the behavior of people who are using social media and how social media affects on their Psychological wellbeing, Mental Health, Social Capital, Social isolation and Family Relationships. The data collected from 385 consumers who are using social media, data collected through online Google forms and data analyzed in SPSS software and various tests has been applied to evaluate the data. The research results are reliable tested based in internal reliability test the values of Cronbach’s Alpha is greater than 0.7. The corelaiton analysis shows the significant relationship of social media use with all variables and regression analysis shows the significant impact of social media use on Psychological wellbeing, Mental Health, Social Capital, Social isolation and Family Relationships. The research is useful for analyze the behavior of people for using social media websites.
Social isolation and Family Relationships
Impact of Organizational Factors on Employee Mental Wellbeing: A Quantitative Study on the Textile Industry of Karachi, Pakistan.
The main goal of this research is to assess the impact of different Organizational Factors on Employee Mental Wellbeing in the Textile Industry of Karachi, Pakistan. Employee metal wellbeing is one of the most important aspects for Human Resource Managers in determining their strategies to enhance employee productivity. The variables used in this study as independent variables are Workload, Work environment, Organizational Culture, Supervisor Feedback, Organizational Employee Support, Reward and Recognition. The dependent variable used in this research is Employee Mental Wellbeing. This is explanatory quantitative research and a deductive approach has been used. Data for this study was collected via primary and secondary sources; primary data collection included a self-administered survey questionnaire which was collected from 350 respondents. Secondary data collection was done via previous similar studies related to the topic. Convenience sampling was selected for this research, depending on how convenient it was to acquire the data; the respondents' responses were gathered accordingly. Results gathered were then run on the statistical software known as the SPSS Software for data analysis and hypotheses testing. Hypotheses accepted were Workload, Organizational Culture, Work Environment, Supervisor Feedback and Reward & Recognition and they all had a significant impact on employee mental wellbeing. The only Hypothesis rejected was Organizational Employee Support and the impact it held on employee mental wellbeing was insignificant. : , ,, , , , .
Exploring the Influence of Advertising within the Metaverse and its Synergy with Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)
The purpose of this research is to measure the limitation of the Metaverse in order for businesses to decide their advertising campaigns. This research is going to further analyze the progress of the Metaverse and how big brands have already started to migrate towards it and using creative methods to run advertising campaigns in order to reach out to more consumers world-wide. It will also show what benefit an avatar delivers inside the virtual world. This research will also depict how NFTs are benefitting the advertising campaigns and what possibilities are discovered till now. As the world is progressing, the Metaverse is becoming known to many corners of the world and big businesses have already started their promotions, advertisements and even fully involved themselves by creating a separate team wit the desired skills and knowledge to handle their projects inside the Metaverse. This research will try to show possible benefits of investing in the Metaverse and enjoy the platform and its activities for users. Keywords: , , , , , ,
Impact of social media on self-esteem and its effects on psychological well-being
"Over the past ten years, social media has become incredibly popular, and its influence has had a lasting impact on many individuals. People's self-esteem has decreased as a result an upwards comparisons made on social networking sites. 150 students from different institutes were surveyed using questionnaires to test the hypothesis. The most well-known social networking platforms, including Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat, were cited as examples of social media. A correlation and regression model that uses statistics called SPSS, were used as the measuring data for examination of the connection between psychological well-being, self-esteem and social media. The main conclusions imply that everyone who took part actively uses social media networks. Additionally, this study demonstrates that there is a significant connection between the negating effect that social media has on self-esteem and psychological health.
The Effect of COVID-19 on the Level of Economic Growth in South Asian Countries
The research was conducted to analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic growth of South Asian economies. The research focused on four major south Asian economies, including Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. The COVID-19 is a pandemic for all economies, and it has impacted global growth, financial, and economic conditions. Economic activity has been slow during the COVID-19 period, which has resulted in increased unemployment and inflation. These macroeconomic factors affect the position of investors and reduce the investments in financial markets; as a result, stock market performance and trading have decreased. The research conducted is based on secondary data analysis of 2020 and 2021 monthly data indices taken from COVID-19 and macroeconomic variables for Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. E-views 9.4 was used to analyse the data. Software and research analysis are performed based on the unit root test, regression analysis, and co-integration analysis to evaluate the comparative analysis between economies. The time series data analysis performed for each economy using unit root test analysis reveals that the data is not stationary at the level, so the researcher used the first difference in economic growth of each country to convert the data into stationary data. The regression analysis is separately performed on all economies, and this is evaluated. The COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the economic growth of each economy, including Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, and economic growth has decreased over time as a result of the COVID-19. The co-integration analysis used to assess the long-term relationship discovered a long-term relationship between the COVID-19 index and economic growth in various economies.
Factors Affecting Brand Loyalty in Pakistan's Female Ethnic Clothing Sector: A Case Study on Ideas
The growing number of competitors and varied demands of consumers made it more challenging for the organizations to achieve loyalty. Indeed, brand loyalty is today one of the most important priorities in marketing strategies. Therefore, this study intended to identify factors affecting brand loyalty in the female ethnic clothing sector of Pakistan: A Case Study on Ideas by Gul Ahmed. The research variables were product price, customer satisfaction, consumer’s perceived quality, and dominations of alternatives and brand image which could significantly influence brand loyalty. The study applied quantitative research method and selected 200 respondents from Karachi city. The study found that entire variables, including product price, customer satisfaction, perceived quality, dominations of alternatives, and brand image have significant impact on brand loyalty. Therefore, the organization needs to maintain a high degree of consistency between prices and product grades and pay close attention to quality and meet customer needs as well as improve customer service. High-quality customer service will add points to the brand image. Professional words and friendly tone are all ways to make a good impression on customers. Develop standardized and standardized pre-sales and after-sales processes.
Why is a modern footballer not excelling?: A Qualitative Study” Pakistani Perspective
Football is one of the most widely played sports in the world and it has become very popular here in Pakistan too. But, this game is incomplete without taking care of oneself properly and by that I mean one needs to have good nutrition, train beyond the bar and rest properly to succeed. This research paper focuses on basic problems that involve a footballer in Pakistan and how they are proving out to be hindrances for a player to move on to next level. This research highlights basic problems amongst footballers and frustration, inability to be in playing eleven of the team, parents being affected and not able to achieve one’s goals came out as biggest problems that needed to be resolved. Of course, Pakistan has lack of instracture when it comes to Football or any other sports, but the demand of such popular sport is increasing day-by-day and an adequate solution is needed for these young talented footballers to excel. This qualitative study will help those aspiring footballers get into action after the strong recommendations are implemented here, and the ground-level structure of football is all set and completed.
The Trade-Offs of IMF's Structural Adjustment Programs: A Study of Pakistan's Experience
With a focus on evaluating the trade-offs of IMF's structural adjustment programs in Pakistan, this study strives to shed light on the complex relationship between economic stability and international financial assistance. Through a multi-faceted analysis of available data and expert insights, the paper delves into the impact of IMF's policies on various indicators of economic well-being in Pakistan, providing a nuanced and evidence-based understanding of the country's experience with these programs. Using a combination of data from different sources, the study found that while IMF's Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) have had a positive effect on reducing Pakistan's fiscal deficit, the balance of payments, and inflation, they have also led to significant negative consequences. The study attempts to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of SAPs on the economy of Pakistan while considering the trade-offs between the short-term gains and long-term consequences of these policies. It is also important to consider the broader economic, political, and social context in which these policies are implemented.
Impact of multiple factors on Brand Loyalty of Apparel Sector in Pakistan
The study is conducted in order to understand how multiple factors including product prize, customer satisfaction, perceived quality, domination of alternatives and brand image can influence on the brand loyalty of one of famous textile brands of Pakistan. Brand loyalty is considered one of the major contributor in generating sales for the larger brands in Pakistan. The research is quantitative in nature and employed close-ended questionnaire in order to collect 200 responses from the customers of Gul Ahmed in Pakistan. The researcher has hence found that, there is a significant but weak relationship between product prize and brand loyalty, there is a significant but weak relationship between domination of alternatives and brand loyalty, there is a significant but weak relationship between brand image and brand loyalty. However, the moderate significant relationship was observed between perceived quality and brand loyalty in this scenario. It can also be concluded from the study that, customers are more inclined to those brands especially in apparel sector, whose perceived quality is better than their competitors. Keywords: , , , , , .